Embedded

What an RTOS Actually Does: Tasks, Scheduling and Why It Matters

A practical introduction to real-time operating systems: what a task scheduler does, why timing guarantees matter in embedded systems and how FreeRTOS implements preemptive multitasking on a microcontroller.

UART From Scratch: Serial Communication Without a Library

How to set up UART on an AVR microcontroller using bare metal C, configure baud rate registers, transmit and receive bytes and debug embedded systems over a serial monitor.

Getting Started with FPGAs: What They Are and How to Think About Them

A beginner-friendly introduction to FPGAs and VHDL: what an FPGA actually is, how it differs from a microcontroller, why hardware description languages feel so different from programming and the mental model shift you need to make sense of it all.

Bare Metal AVR: Building a Nine-Mode State Machine Without Any Framework

How I built a nine-mode state machine on an ATmega644P from scratch using bare metal C, writing directly to hardware registers with no framework, no HAL and no shortcuts. Still ongoing.

Why Every Software Engineer Should Understand Hardware

An argument for why understanding hardware - registers, memory, timing, power - makes you a significantly better software engineer, regardless of whether you ever write firmware.

Resources for Engineering and Technology

A curated list of books, courses, documentation, tools and videos I have found genuinely useful for learning embedded systems, software engineering, computer science and the craft of building things. Updated as I find new things worth recommending.

SPI vs I2C: When to Use Which

A detailed technical comparison of SPI and I2C for embedded projects: signalling, timing, addressing, clock modes, pull-ups, edge cases and when the choice actually matters.

Security Gaps in Consumer IoT: A Survey of Common Attack Vectors

A technical review of the most common vulnerabilities in consumer IoT devices: hardcoded credentials, unencrypted traffic, insufficient update mechanisms and insecure interfaces, with reference to real incidents, CVEs and regulatory standards.

Embedded

Retargeting `printf` to UART lets you use standard C stdio for debug output on an MCU

Embedded

`pdMS_TO_TICKS()` converts milliseconds to RTOS ticks portably across tick rate configs

Embedded

SPI CPOL and CPHA choose which clock edge data is sampled on: mismatch means garbage

C

`volatile` tells the compiler a variable can change outside of program control

Embedded

PWM duty cycle on a microcontroller comes from the ratio of compare register to period

C

A format string vulnerability in C lets an attacker read or write arbitrary memory

C

A `static` local variable in C keeps its value between function calls

Video

Embedded C Programming

IIT Madras. BS in Electronic Systems

Video

Modern Embedded Systems Programming Course

Quantum Leaps, LLC

Video

Master C and Embedded C Programming

NerdyElectronics

Article

FreeRTOS: Getting Started with Real-Time Operating Systems

FreeRTOS.org

Resource

Compiler Explorer

godbolt.org